House Prices and Immigration Rates-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Relationship between House Prices and Immigration Rates. Answer: Introduction There is a direct relation between housing price rates and rates of immigration regardless of nationality. This project deals with a detailed literature review on the correlation of housing prices and immigration rates that has been prevalent over the countries across the globe. Change in economic scenario of different countries across the world with time also has a significant impact on the relationship of immigration and house prices. A detailed study of secondary research is provided in the following literature review. Project Objectives To critically evaluate the relationship between House price rates and immigration rates To investigate the factors influencing house price rates and immigration rates in different countries To determine the changes in demand and supply over the years; 2000-2010 and 2011-2017 respectively To produce a fruitful relation between the two factors with respect to change in country and time period Project Scope Scope of this project is to focus on the relationship of immigration rates and housing prices with the period of time across the globe. Demand and supply of houses has changed considerably in the past 20 years that has influenced the rates of houses. Depending on this immigration rate has also changed. This literature review critically helps the researcher to evaluate the relationship on housing price and immigration rates with respect to change in country and time period. Literature Review Introduction Impact of international migration and visa controlled immigration on prices of housing has been significant in the past two decades. This review of literature focuses on the data that highlights the effect and different parameters of immigration on local housing markets with respect to time and change of country from 2000 to 2017. Concerns regarding immigration have been highlighted along with the degree of rise in the both legal and illegal immigration rates. A strong relationship is prevalent between housing rates and immigration regardless of nationality. Demand of supply of housing in a particular country contributes to a sudden increase of population in that country majority of which are immigrants. This pulls up the price of housing and a relation between the factors are established. In this paper, correlation of immigrants and housing prices and consequent effect on one another are being discussed. Conceptual framework Figure 1: Conceptual framework (Source: Created by learner) Relationship between house prices and immigration rates In a local context, relationship between house prices and rates of migration is positively correlated when compared to the national context. As per the view of S (2014, p.1400), if immigration is resulting in increase in house price, it can be expected that local rate of migration will increase. As a result, a direct proportional relationship is prevalent between house price increase in a particular nation and rate of immigration in that particular area. Immigration level at a national level if increases considerably, automatically housing prices will be increased as the demand will be more. Wadsworth et al. (2016, p.50) applying the Theory of First Economics has stated that on rise of income of real household, significant enhancement of price of houses will definitely occur. There are certain additional factors in this context like price of compliments and price of substitutes that are mortgages and flats respectively. On the contrary, based on the findings of research, it has been seen that even if there is high demand of supply of housing, lack of immigration can cause a sharp downfall owing to the economic perspective of a country. For example, Shi et al. (2015, p. 19) in his article has stated that long term and permanent immigrants have contributed an annual average of 0.1%, when compared to a natural increase in population of 0.8% annually. However, marked variation in flows of migration over time has occurred, where 1% enhance in population by migration at a national level is related with 12.6% enhancement in prices of housing. As a result, it is acknowledged that interrelation between growth of house price and rate of high immigration is strong. (Refer to appendix 1) Countries Rate of immigration (in millions) Rate of housing price (increase in %) UK 248,000 5.83 New Zealand 71,000 2.8% Australia 189,770 7% US 133,000 6.2 % Germany 174,438 1.7% Table 1: Rates of immigration and housing price in 2016 (Source: Sloan and Sloan, 2017) Migrants are portrayed as the key determinants in inflation of house price rates contributing inflationary pressure to a nations economy. Rise in price of housing values enhances domestic consumption, consequently driving up the levels of domestic price. As per the opinion of Shi et al. (2015, p. 21), global financial crisis of 2007 in US was a prime evidence showing an unsustainable enhancement in house rates that was caused by subprime mortgages. At this time, a large number of immigrants have entered New Zealand. (Refer to appendix 2) On the contrary, it was not possible for the local housing markets to cope up with the rapid fluctuations. Gonzalez and Ortega (2013, p.41) supported this fact and stated that local housing markets were unable to adjust with the housing demand shocks in a short run, which affected long run economic growth if New Zealand. Relationship between house price and immigration rates change over countries Reduction in the rate of immigration is one of those few policies that is being left to drag in a national debate on demand, supply and affordability of housing. Housing prices are variable in different countries across the globe and effect of immigrants based on house prices in countries pose variable impact on countries depending on economic condition. Accetturo et al. (2014, p.51) in his article opined that average prices of house in Melbourne in 2016 was 10.8% whereas, that of Sydney was 10.3%. Such high values house prices has caused a major setback in the Darwin prices that has reduces to 1.5%, subsequently allowing divergence between prices of house and wages of people. Immigration in such economic scenario has caused Reserve Bank of Australia becoming much paralyzed. Focusing on New Economics Theory of migration, Bell et al. (2013, p.1281) stated that, decisions of migration in not only based on risk of income but also failure of credit market, insurance market or labor marke t. Australia was facing a major economic downturn in 2015-2016 and the local housing prices rose considerably. Consequently, natives of Australia were not been able to cope up with the individual utility of maximizing as unemployment rate was high. Demand and supply of housing prices was low at this economic context as economic downturn boosted migration. A large amount of immigrant population took place in this economic scenario, where demand of housing prices was low among the natives and supply rate was higher. Head et al. (2014, p.1189) informed that, immigration reached at its peak in 2013-2016, as people from other engaged in mass migration to Australia as natives faced an outflow of migration. This opposed the fact that employment and lower wage structure due to economic crisis have resulted in decrease in population of the country. Moreover, Tsai et al. (2015, p.135) supported this fact and stated that more than 200,000 dwellings were constructed per annum with every 1.6 extra people in current population rate contributed by immigrants. (Refer to appendix 3) In countries like UK, immigration has actually caused significant lowering of housing prices. Borjas (2014, p.4) in his article has highlighted that as a result of immigration, housing demand has enhanced as an exponential rate. As per this statistics, it has been evaluated that, within the next 20 years, housing prices can face a reduction of 10% with such exponential demand by the immigrants. On the contrary, new immigration has a significant effect in reducing the average local income of the nation. Consequently demand and supply of dwelling also decreases. Supporting this fact, Robertson and Rogers (2017, p.9) has highlighted the fact that migration outflow of 134,000 British and 206,000 non British population occurred in UK in 2016 thus lowering the nations average income. Subsequent lowering of house rates can be seen which had decreased from 9.3 % in June to 6.9% in October, 2016. (Theguardian.com, 2016) (Refer to appendix 4) A large number of entries of immigrants in Germany have initiated to affect property market of Germany. Demand of housing will rise exponentially with the more influx of immigrants, thus reducing housing supply, inevitably contributing in enhancement of price rising. As per the statement of Hyman (2014, p.12), 1% increase in population will result in 3.5% increase in housing prices in Germany. However, being a developed country, Government of Germany has decided to construct 350,000 dwelling per annum to support over 1 million immigrants who had arrived in the country in 2016. On the contrary, Greece is facing a major property slump and debt crisis, where the natives have faced a major economic crisis and were at the stake of handing their properties and assets to the state. Li and Chand (2013, p.151) opined that housing values in Greece had declined by 50% owing to the collapse of the property market. Consequently, relating to the extreme economic turmoil and instability prevalent in the country, government of Greece has decided to restrict immigration in order to pay off their debts and get economic stability within the nation. However Cortes (2008, p.412) said that, on restriction of immigration in Greece, demand and supply curve of housing will be flat as lack of immigration will not encourage demand in housing. (Refer to appendix 5) Research findings reveal that a steady flow of immigration is prevalent within the European continent that contributes in a consistent flow of prices of housing rates within the nations. Hatton and Tani (2005, p.63) reported that a number of immigrants from the developing or underdeveloped countries are constantly moving to the European countries in search of employment or to pursue higher studies. Therefore a consistent rise in housing prices which are prevalent in these areas. Moreover, a consistent increase of immigration adds to the population of these countries that allow the economic growth of the nation. Saiz (2007, p.351) stated that in 2016, a significant rise in the labor market of Europe has occurred in response to the influx of immigrant workers. Another factor that is associated with the influx of immigrants in Europe is the increase in capital market. All these combined results in increase the economic growth of the nation and dwelling being an important parameter also impacts a positive effect. Relationship between house price and immigration rates change over time 4.5.1 2000-2010 Rate of economy has changed at an exponential rate in the past 20 years and housing market has faced a revolutionary impact. For example, migration and immigration in New Zealand shows a significant fluctuation in the demand of houses and its prices. Benton?short (2005, p.950) in his article has stated that long term and permanent immigrants have contributed an annual average of 0.1%, when compared to a natural increase in population of 0.8% annually. However, opposing the fact of natural steady increase in the population of New Zealand, there are research evidences that shows marked variation in flows of migration over time. Hatton (2005, p.722) has stated that migration outflows in 1986 has a rough offset on natural increase, whereas in 2002-2003, rate of migration has added more to the population of the country than natural increase. 1% enhance in population by migration at a national level is related with 12.6% enhancement in the prices of housing. When the demand of a property at a particular place is high, prices naturally tends to increase. Reduction in housing demand for poor economic growth results in decrease in costs of houses. Wadsworth et al. (2016, p.50) has analysed the fact that UK during the Great Recession from 2007-2009, faced a major decrease in demand of properties and as a result there was an oversupply of houses. However, immigration rate reduced during this time and there was a massive migration outflow, which caused a sharp downfall of property values. (Refer to appendix 6) 4.5.2 2011-2017 Syria war has impacted a revolutionary effect on the level of immigration mainly in the European countries. As per the statistics highlighted by Bell et al. (2013, p.1280), about 13.5 million Syrian civilians were subjected to humanitarian assistance as a consequence of the war. Majority of the people migrated to the European countries from 2013 to 2015, where the number jumped from 296,000 to 932,000 (Nap.edu, 2017). Demand of housing reached a peak level in 2015, and a major undersupply of housing was faced. As per the law of demand and supply, there was a significant increase in the prices of houses as an ocean of immigrants had entered the European countries from 2013 till the recent times. Syrians have become the largest refugee population of the world, who has migrated in the neighboring European countries. Along with the increase in the immigration rate, house prices enhanced considerably, however, undersupply of dwelling caused a major hindrance in the habitat of the refugees . (Refer to appendix 7) On the contrary, as a consequence of Brexit, a huge impact was seen on the immigration population within the countries of Europe. The net immigration has reduced to 246,000 and Britains decision to leave European Union has resulted in a significant downfall of influx of migrants within the country (Asres.net, 2017). Along with other sectors, housing prices were equally affected as reduction of immigration resulted in a sharp decrease of price of dwelling as well as housing rents. In this way, demand and supply of house reached a lowest point after this incident in UK, since their rate of immigrants lessened. Literature gap The review of literature conducted above has portrayed the relation of immigration and housing prices and its effect on the economy has been analysed. However, there are some parameters that are not considered in the literature review. There was a major economic change in the past two decades, on which the housing market was dependent. However, on analyzing the effect on immigration on housing prices during 2000-2010, the major focus was on the Great recession of 2008. Economic scenario across the globe has been analysed thoroughly relating its impact on the housing prices. However, its impact on the rate of immigration has not been focused much and sufficient data were not gathered. Analyzing the impact of housing and immigration from 2010-2017, rate of immigration was mainly highlighted that caused as a consequence of the Syrian war. There was a significant economic downturn during this period which imposed a great affect on the demand and supply of houses and consequently rises of dwelling prices. A gap was created in this context, where most of the focus was given to the immigration and minimal data was gathered about the demand and rise of housing prices. Summary The above literature review focuses on the relation of immigration and housing prices and how do they complement each other. Sufficient evidences were provided in establishing the relationship of these two factors and their combined effect on the economy of a country. The individual effect of housing prices and immigration is also stated with the help of practical evidences and application of theories. Interrelationship between these two factors and their rates of changes over time and across the countries are also demonstrated. Reference List Accetturo, A., Manaresi, F., Mocetti, S. and Olivieri, E., (2014). Don't Stand so close to me: the urban impact of immigration.Regional Science and Urban Economics,45(9), pp.45-56. Asres.net. (2017).Australian Migration and Dwelling Prices Available from: https://www.asres.net/AsRES_Papers/asres2014_submission_47.pdf [Accessed on 12 Aug. 2017]. Bell, B., Fasani, F. and Machin, S., (2013). Crime and immigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves.Review of Economics and statistics,21(3), pp.1278-1290. Benton?short, l.i.s.a., Price, M.D. and Friedman, S., (2005). Globalization from below: the ranking of global immigrant cities.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,29(4), pp.945-959. Borjas, G.J., (2014).Immigration economics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Cortes, P., (2008). The effect of low-skilled immigration on US prices: evidence from CPI data.Journal of political Economy,116(3), pp.381-422. Gonzalez, L. and Ortega, F., (2013). Immigration and housing booms: Evidence from Spain.Journal of Regional Science,53(1), pp.37-59. Hatton, T.J. and Tani, M., (2005). Immigration and Inter?Regional Mobility in the UK, 19822000.The Economic Journal,115(507), pp.54-201. Hatton, T.J., (2005). Explaining trends in UK immigration.Journal of Population Economics,18(4), pp.719-740. Head, A., Lloyd-Ellis, H. and Sun, H., (2014). Search, liquidity, and the dynamics of house prices and construction.The American Economic Review,104(4), pp.1172-1210. Hyman, D.N., (2014).Public finance: A contemporary application of theory to policy. Boston: Cengage Learning. Li, Q. and Chand, S., (2013). House prices and market fundamentals in urban China.Habitat International,40(8), pp.148-153. Nap.edu. (2017).The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/read/23550/chapter/8#166 [Accessed on 10 Aug. 2017]. Robertson, S. and Rogers, D., (2017). Education, real estate, immigration: brokerage assemblages and Asian mobilities.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 8(4), pp.1-15. S, F., (2015). Immigration and House Prices in the UK.The Economic Journal,125(587), pp.1393-1424. Saiz, A., (2007). Immigration and housing rents in American cities.Journal of urban economics,61(2), pp.345-371. Shi, S., Jou, J.B. and Tripe, D., (2014). Can interest rates really control house prices? Effectiveness and implications for macroprudential policy.Journal of Banking Finance,47(77), pp.15-28. Sloan, J. and Sloan, J. (2017).Immigration key to house prices. Theaustralian.com.au. Available from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/judith-sloan/immigration-rate-key-factor-in-housing-affordability/news-story/b6b466d95bc1ddfd0cfdb9427535fa4d [Accessed on 10 Aug. 2017]. Theguardian.com, (2016). Is immigration causing the UK housing crisis? Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/jan/25/is-immigration-causing-the-uk-housing-crisis Accessed on 10 Aug. 2017] Tsai, C.H.P., Mulley, C., Burke, M. and Yen, B., (2015). Exploring property value effects of ferry terminals: Evidence from Brisbane, Australia.Journal of Transport and Land Use,10(1), pp.98-140. Wadsworth, J., Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. and Van Reenen, J., (2016). Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK.Centre for Economic Performance.LSE, 54(7), pp.34-53